Schauen Sie sich ruhig etwas um und lernen Sie uns besser kennen! Milton Keynes - Wikipedia. Coordinates: 5. 2. It is the administrative centre of the Borough of Milton Keynes and was formally designated as a new town on 2. This is a timeline of notable events in the history of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community in the United Kingdom. Milton Keynes: Top to bottom, left to right: The Xscape and Theatre seen from Campbell Park, former railway works and new housing in Wolverton, Milton Keynes Central. Londres (London en ingl? January 1. 96. 7. It is located about 4. London. At designation, its 8. Bletchley, Wolverton, and Stony Stratford, along with another fifteen villages and farmland in between. It took its name from the existing village of Milton Keynes, a few miles east of the planned centre. At the 2. 01. 1 census, the population of the Milton Keynes urban area, including the adjacent Newport Pagnell and Woburn Sands, was 2. The New Town (informally and in planning documents, . Planning control was taken from elected local authorities and delegated to the Milton Keynes Development Corporation (MKDC). The Corporation's strongly modernist designs featured regularly in the magazines Architectural Design and the Architects' Journal. MKDC was determined to learn from the mistakes made in the earlier New Towns and revisit the Garden City ideals. They set in place the characteristic grid roads that run between districts ('grid squares'), as well as the intensive planting, lakes and parkland that are so evident today. While still on the drawing board, planners noticed that the main streets near the proposed city centre would almost frame the rising sun on Midsummer's Day. Greenwich Observatory was consulted to obtain the exact angle required at the latitude of Central Milton Keynes, and they managed to persuade the engineers to shift the grid of roads a few degrees in response. The largest and almost the last of the British New Towns, Milton Keynes has 'stood the test of time far better than most, and has proved flexible and adaptable'. From 2. 00. 4 to 2. Government quango, the Milton Keynes Partnership, had development control powers to accelerate the growth of Milton Keynes. Along with many other towns and boroughs, Milton Keynes competed for formal city status in the 2. Nevertheless, the term . The area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages, but with evidence of permanent settlement dating back to the Bronze Age. Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: doing so has provided a unique insight into the history of a large sample of the landscape of south- central England. There is evidence of Iron Age, Romano- British, Anglo- Saxon, Anglo- Norman, Medieval and Industrial revolution settlements. See also article single- use zoning. Since the radical plan form and large scale of Milton Keynes attracted international attention, early phases of development include work by celebrated architects, including Sir Richard Mac. Cormac, Lord Norman Foster, Henning Larsen, Ralph Erskine, John Winter, and Martin Richardson. In the modernist Miesian tradition is the Shopping Building designed by Stuart Mosscrop and Christopher Woodward, a grade II listed building, which the Twentieth Century Societyinter alia regards as the 'most distinguished' twentieth century retail building in Britain. The Development Corporation also led an ambitious Public art programme. The urban design has not been universally praised, however. Francis Tibbalds, president of the Royal Town Planning Institute, described the centre of Milton Keynes as . If you've got to build a city between (them) it is very natural to take a pen and draw the rungs of a ladder. Ten miles by six is the size of this city . Do you lay it out like an American city, rigid orthogonal from side to side? Being more sensitive in 1. That would be nicer to look at, more economical and efficient to build, and would sit more beautifully as a landscape intervention. Professor David Lock, MBE. Major internal roads run between communities, rather than through them: these distributor roads are known locally as grid roads and the spaces between them . Consequently, each grid square is a semi- autonomous community, making a unique collective of 1. The grid squares have a variety of development styles, ranging from conventional urban development and industrial parks to original rural and modern urban and pseudo- rural developments. Most grid squares have Local Centres, intended as local retail hubs and most with community facilities as well. Originally intended under the masterplan to sit alongside the Grid Roads, the Local Centres were mostly in fact built embedded in the communities. Roundabout junctions were built at intersections because the grid roads were intended to carry large volumes of traffic: this type of junction is efficient at dealing with these volumes. Some major roads are dual carriageway, the others are single carriageway. Along one side of each single carriageway grid road there is a (grassed) reservation to permit dualling or additional transport infrastructure at a later date. To date this has been limited. The edges of each grid square are landscaped and densely planted, some additionally have berms. Traffic movements are fast, with relatively little congestion since there are alternative routes to any particular destination other than during the (brief) peak periods. The national speed limit applies on the grid roads, although lower speed limits have been introduced on some stretches to reduce accident rates. Pedestrians rarely need to cross grid roads at grade, as underpasses and bridges exist in frequent places along each stretch of all of the grid roads. However, the new districts to be added by the expansion plans for Milton Keynes are departing from this model, with less separation and using 'at grade' crossings. This approach, which contradicts the original design ethos, has been a cause for conflict between residents and the Council who are often regarded as failing to preserve the unique development style of the city. Monitoring station data. The national cycle routes are highlighted in red. This was designed to segregate slow moving cycle and pedestrian traffic from fast moving motor traffic. In practice, it is mainly used for leisure cycling rather than commuting, perhaps because the cycle routes are shared with pedestrians, cross the grid- roads via bridge or underpass rather than at grade, and because some take meandering scenic routes rather than straight lines. It is so called because it is generally surfaced with red tarmac. The national Sustrans national cycle network routes 6 and 5. The taller glass tower, Manhattan House, has fourteen stories. The original design guidance declared that . However, the Milton Keynes Partnership, in its expansion plans for Milton Keynes, believed that Central Milton Keynes (and elsewhere) needed . As a result, high rise buildings have been built in the central business district. Four of the pedestrian underpasses were closed to 'normalise' the streetscape of Central Milton Keynes and the character of the area was set to change under government pressure to increase densities of development. These changes are being opposed by pressure groups such as Urban Eden and the Milton Keynes Forum. More recent local plans have protected the existing boulevard framework and underpasses following the dissolution of Milton Keynes Partnership. Recent large- scale buildings include The Pinnacle: MK on Midsummer Boulevard and the Vizion development on Avebury Boulevard. The Pinnacle was the largest office building to be constructed in Milton Keynes in 2. More recently the Network Rail National Centre has been built at the western limit of Silbury Boulevard; this building occupies a large land area but only rises to the equivalent of six stories; a return towards the design of the original Central Milton Keynes developments. Linear parks. The Grand Union Canal is another green route (and demonstrates the level geography of the area . The Park system was designed by landscape architect Peter Youngman. However the landscaping of parks and of the grid roads was evolved under the leadership of Neil Higson, who from 1. Chief Landscape Architect and made the original grand but not entirely practical landscape plan more subtle. As of 2. 00. 6, the urban area has 2. Following the winding up of the Development Corporation, the lavish landscapes of the Grid Roads and of the major parks were transferred to The Milton Keynes Parks Trust, a charity which is independent from the municipal authority and which was intended to resist pressures to build on the parks over time. The Parks Trust is endowed with a portfolio of commercial properties, the income of which pay for the upkeep of the green spaces. He appointed English Partnerships (EP) to do so, taking planning controls away from Milton Keynes Borough Council and making EP the statutory planning authority. Their proposal for the next phase of expansion moves away from grid squares to large scale, mixed use, higher density development. The more detailed article expands on the details of their proposals. As the first stage in that plan, the Government expanded. MKPC was created to ensure a co- ordinated approach to planning and delivery of growth and development in the . Milton Keynes Partnership was disbanded in 2. Its functions were folded back into the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA), with Milton Keynes Council handling planning permission for established areas of MK. Culture. It is closely associated with jazz artists Cleo Laine and the late John Dankworth. The venue also hosts an annual summer camp for young musicians. MK1. 1 at Kiln Farm Club is based within Kiln Farm Industrial Estate, off of Watling Street. In 2. 01. 4 it was voted as MK's Best Live Music Venue by readers of local culture magazine Monkey Kettle. That year also saw the venue face potential closure after it was served with a noise abatement order from the local council, following complaints from the neighbouring Sikh Temple. A petition was signed by 3,5. MK1. 1 was able to stay open. Arts and literature. The theatre has an unusual feature: the ceiling can be lowered closing off the third tier (gallery) to create a more intimate space for smaller scale productions. Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom. This is a timeline of notable events in the history of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community in the United Kingdom. The popular story that the king was assassinated by having a red- hot poker thrust into his anus has no basis in accounts recorded by Edward's contemporaries. The Annales Paulini claims that Edward loved Gaveston . The law was re- enacted three times, and then in 1. The penalty for buggery remained death, but goods and lands were not forfeit, and the rights of wives and heirs were safeguarded. Lennox was a relative and 2. James, married and the father of 5 children. The influence Lennox his . The Presbyterian nobles forced King James to banish Lennox to France. Lennox and James remained in secret contact. Lennox remained in France. He died in Paris in 1. William Schaw took Lennox's heart back to James in Scotland, since in life it's true place had been with the King. The king instantly fell in love with the young man, even helping nurse him back to health all the while teaching him Latin. Entirely devoid of all high intellectual qualities, Carr was endowed with good looks, excellent spirits, and considerable personal accomplishments. These advantages were sufficient for James, who knighted the young man and at once took him into favour. James made his lover Viscount of Rochester (1. Knight of the Garter and Earl of Somerset (1. George Villiers could dance well, fence well, and speak a little French. In August, Villiers, reputedly . Villiers gained support as the kings preferred lover from those who opposed Carr. Restoration of Apethorpe Hall, undertaken 2. Villiers was now the highest- ranking subject outside the royal family. Arabella Hunt married . These relationships with male friends, and his apparent lack of more than one female mistress, led William's enemies to suggest that he might prefer homosexual relationships. Keppel was 2. 0 years William's junior, described as strikingly handsome, and rose from being a royal page to an earldom with some ease. William tersely dismissed these suggestions, however, saying, . The coffee house served as a Molly House for the underground gay community. She cared for her customers, and catered especially to the gay men who frequented it. She was known to have provided . Hitchen had abused his position of power to extort bribes from brothels and pickpockets to prevent arrest, and he particularly leaned on the thieves to make them fence their goods through him. Hitchen had frequently picked up soldiers for sex, but had eluded prosecution by the Society for the Reformation of Manners. Love letters (The Gay Love Letters of John, Lord Hervey to Stephen Fox) between Stephen and John testify their love. The debate during the case and with the background of the 1. Macaroni prosecutions considered Christian intolerance to homosexuality and the human rights of men who were homosexual. He ended up living in grandeur with his footman at Lyon, in the South of France. He argued that homosexual acts did not weaken men, nor threaten population or marriage. On 8 July, the Bow Street Runners raided The White Swan, a tumbledown pub of Tudor origin near Drury Lane. Twenty- seven men were arrested on suspicion of sodomy and attempted sodomy. Barry went on to serve as an army surgeon working overseas. Barry lived as a man but was found to be female- bodied upon his death in 1. Buggery remained punishable by death. A total of 8. 92. In the case of Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee (a case of polygamy), Lord Penzance's judgment began . The indictment was against Lord Arthur Clinton, Ernest Boulton, Frederic Park, Louis Hurt, John Fiske, Martin Cumming, William Sommerville and C. H. The prosecution was unable to prove that they had either committed any homosexual offence nor that men wearing women's clothing was an offence in English law. It thus became possible to prosecute homosexuals for engaging in sexual acts where buggery or attempted buggery could not be proven. A number of aristocratic clients were discovered including Lord Arthur Somerset, equerry to the Prince of Wales. Dr Helen Boyle and her partner, Mabel Jones, set up the first women- run General Practice in Brighton, including offering free therapy for poor women. Helen Boyle also founded the National Council for Mental Hygiene (which subsequently becomes MIND) in 1. He argues that homosexuality is not a disease but a natural anomaly occurring throughout human and animal history, and should be accepted,not treated. The book is banned in England for being obscene; the subsequent volumes in the series are published in the US and not sold in England until 1. Louisa Martindale set up a private practice in Brighton and became the first woman GP. With a group of other Brighton feminists she developed the New Sussex Hospital for Women and Children, where she was Senior Surgeon and Physician. She later became a specialist in the early treatment of cervical cancer and was awarded a CBE in 1. Louisa lived with her partner Ismay Fitz. Gerald for three decades, and wrote of her love for her in her autobiography A Woman Surgeon, published in 1. Waitresses ensured that a section of Lyons Corner House in Piccadilly Circus was reserved for homosexuals. Carpenter was a proponent of the theory of the homosexual as a third sex, and lived openly with his lover, George Merrill. Members included George Cecil Ives, Edward Carpenter, Montague Summers, Stella Browne, Laurence Housman, Havelock Ellis, George Bernard Shaw, and Ernest Jones. Auden attended his first boarding school where he met Christopher Isherwood; when reintroduced to Isherwood in 1. Auden probably fell in love with Isherwood and in the 1. However the section was defeated in the House Of Lords and thus never became law. This sparked great legal controversy and brought the topic of homosexuality to public conversation. Publisher Jonathan Cape panicked and sent a copy of The Well of Loneliness to the Home Secretary, William Joynson- Hicks (a Conservative) for his opinion; he took only two days to reply that The Well of Loneliness was . It was introduced in the 1. The News of the World published a story, 'Amazing Change of Sex', about a trans man from Sussex who transitioned 'from Margery to Maurice'. Colonel Sir Victor Barker DSO (1. Elfrida Haward in Brighton. Barker's birth sex (female) is later revealed and the marriage is consequently annulled. Barker went on to appear in 'freakshow' displays in New Brighton, Southend- on- Sea and Blackpool. The story appeared in some national newspapers, including the News of the World (3. May 1. 93. 6). The reportage was accurate and sensitive. Broster, the Harley Street surgeon who treated him, 'Mark Weston, who has always been brought up as a female, is a male and should continue to live as such'. Of these, it's likely that at least 2. National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles which found that six per cent of men report having had homosexual experiences). Sir Harold Gillies developed his pioneering pedicle flap surgery with injured soldiers from World War II. Initially developed as reconstructive surgery, phalloplasty is now offered as a genital surgery option for trans men. Dillon underwent at least 1. Urethra (hypospadias), in order to conceal the exact nature of the surgery. He approached a man on his way home from the pub, who upon discovering Crowe was male, beat and strangled him. Undercover officers acting as 'agents provocateurs' would pose as gay men soliciting in public places. The prevailing mood was one of barely concealed paranoia. When the news broke he was in Liverpool on the pre- London tour of a new play. He was paralysed by nerves at the prospect of going onstage, but fellow players, led by Sybil Thorndike, encouraged him. The audience gave him a standing ovation, showing that they didn't care about his private life. The episode affected Gielgud's health and he suffered a nervous breakdown months later. He did not acknowledge publicly that he was gay. The Director of Public Prosecutions gave his assurance that the witnesses Reynolds and Mc. Nally would not be prosecuted in any circumstances, but Pitt- Rivers and Wildeblood were tried and imprisoned. British police pursued a Mc. Carthy- like purge of society homosexuals. He had been given a course of female hormones (chemical castration) by doctors as an alternative to prison after being prosecuted by the police because of his homosexuality. All three defendants were convicted. The Sunday Times published an article entitled . Soon after, on 1. April, the New Statesman printed an article called . A month after the Montagu trial the Home Secretary. Sir David Maxwell Fyfe agreed to appoint a committee to examine and report on the law covering homosexual offences (this would become known as The Wolfenden report). It advised the British Government that homosexuality should not be illegal. The motion is rejected, but Horsfall and fellow activist Anthony Grey later form the North West Homosexual Law Reform Committee. They went on to publish their own lesbian magazine called Arena Three. The first meeting was held in Manchester. The North West branch of the national Homosexual Law Reform Committee became the national Campaign for Homosexual Equality in 1. A UK opinion poll finds that 9. Berkeley was well known to his colleagues as a homosexual, according to a 2. The Observer and was unpopular. Unexpectedly, Berkeley lost his seat in the 1. The Beaumont Society, a London- based social/support group for people who cross- dress, are transvestite or who are transsexual, was founded. When passed, The Sexual Offences Act decriminalised homosexual acts between two men over 2. England and Wales. The privacy restrictions of the act meant a third person could not be present and men could not have sex in a hotel. These restrictions were overturned in the European Court of Human Rights in 2.
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